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EXP(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual EXP(3)
NNAAMMEE
eexxpp, eexxppmm11, lloogg, lloogg1100, lloogg11pp, ppooww - exponential, logarithm, power func-
tions
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
##iinncclluuddee <<mmaatthh..hh>>
_d_o_u_b_l_e
eexxpp(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x)
_f_l_o_a_t
eexxppff(_f_l_o_a_t _x)
_d_o_u_b_l_e
eexxppmm11(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x)
_f_l_o_a_t
eexxppmm11ff(_f_l_o_a_t _x)
_d_o_u_b_l_e
lloogg(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x)
_f_l_o_a_t
llooggff(_f_l_o_a_t _x)
_d_o_u_b_l_e
lloogg1100(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x)
_f_l_o_a_t
lloogg1100ff(_f_l_o_a_t _x)
_d_o_u_b_l_e
lloogg11pp(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x)
_f_l_o_a_t
lloogg11ppff(_f_l_o_a_t _x)
_d_o_u_b_l_e
ppooww(_d_o_u_b_l_e _x, _d_o_u_b_l_e _y)
_f_l_o_a_t
ppoowwff(_f_l_o_a_t _x, _f_l_o_a_t, _y_")
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
The eexxpp() function computes the exponential value of the given argument
_x.
The eexxppmm11() function computes the value exp(x)-1 accurately even for tiny
argument _x.
The lloogg() function computes the value of the natural logarithm of argu-
ment _x_.
The lloogg1100() function computes the value of the logarithm of argument _x to
base 10.
The lloogg11pp() function computes the value of log(1+x) accurately even for
tiny argument _x.
The ppooww() computes the value of _x to the exponent _y.
EERRRROORR ((dduuee ttoo RRoouunnddooffff eettcc..))
exp(x), log(x), expm1(x) and log1p(x) are accurate to within an _u_l_p, and
log10(x) to within about 2 _u_l_p_s; an _u_l_p is one _U_n_i_t in the _L_a_s_t _P_l_a_c_e.
The error in ppooww(_x, _y) is below about 2 _u_l_p_s when its magnitude is moder-
ate, but increases as ppooww(_x, _y) approaches the over/underflow thresholds
until almost as many bits could be lost as are occupied by the float-
ing-point format's exponent field; that is 8 bits for VAX D and 11 bits
for IEEE 754 Double. No such drastic loss has been exposed by testing;
the worst errors observed have been below 20 _u_l_p_s for VAX D, 300 _u_l_p_s for
IEEE 754 Double. Moderate values of ppooww() are accurate enough that
ppooww(_i_n_t_e_g_e_r, _i_n_t_e_g_e_r) is exact until it is bigger than 2**56 on a VAX,
2**53 for IEEE 754.
RREETTUURRNN VVAALLUUEESS
These functions will return the appropriate computation unless an error
occurs or an argument is out of range. The functions eexxpp(), eexxppmm11() and
ppooww() detect if the computed value will overflow, set the global variable
_e_r_r_n_o _t_o ERANGE and cause a reserved operand fault on a VAX or Tahoe. The
function ppooww(_x, _y) checks to see if _x < 0 and _y is not an integer, in the
event this is true, the global variable _e_r_r_n_o is set to EDOM and on the
VAX and Tahoe generate a reserved operand fault. On a VAX and Tahoe,
_e_r_r_n_o is set to EDOM and the reserved operand is returned by log unless _x
> 0, by lloogg11pp() unless _x > -1.
NNOOTTEESS
The functions exp(x)-1 and log(1+x) are called expm1 and logp1 in BASIC
on the Hewlett-Packard HP-71B and APPLE Macintosh, EXP1 and LN1 in Pas-
cal, exp1 and log1 in C on APPLE Macintoshes, where they have been pro-
vided to make sure financial calculations of ((1+x)**n-1)/x, namely
expm1(n*log1p(x))/x, will be accurate when x is tiny. They also provide
accurate inverse hyperbolic functions.
The function ppooww(_x, _0) returns x**0 = 1 for all x including x = 0, Infin-
ity (not found on a VAX), and _N_a_N (the reserved operand on a VAX).
Previous implementations of pow may have defined x**0 to be undefined in
some or all of these cases. Here are reasons for returning x**0 = 1 al-
ways:
1. Any program that already tests whether x is zero (or infinite or
_N_a_N) before computing x**0 cannot care whether 0**0 = 1 or not.
Any program that depends upon 0**0 to be invalid is dubious any-
way since that expression's meaning and, if invalid, its conse-
quences vary from one computer system to another.
2. Some Algebra texts (e.g. Sigler's) define x**0 = 1 for all x, in-
cluding x = 0. This is compatible with the convention that ac-
cepts a[0] as the value of polynomial
p(x) = a[0]*x**0 + a[1]*x**1 + a[2]*x**2 +...+ a[n]*x**n
at x = 0 rather than reject a[0]*0**0 as invalid.
3. Analysts will accept 0**0 = 1 despite that x**y can approach any-
thing or nothing as x and y approach 0 independently. The reason
for setting 0**0 = 1 anyway is this:
If x(z) and y(z) are _a_n_y functions analytic (expandable in
power series) in z around z = 0, and if there x(0) = y(0) =
0, then x(z)**y(z) -> 1 as z -> 0.
4. If 0**0 = 1, then infinity**0 = 1/0**0 = 1 too; and then _N_a_N**0 =
1 too because x**0 = 1 for all finite and infinite x, i.e., inde-
pendently of x.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
math(3), infnan(3)
HHIISSTTOORRYY
A eexxpp(), lloogg() and ppooww() functions appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. A
lloogg1100() function appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. The lloogg11pp() and
eexxppmm11() functions appeared in 4.3BSD.
4th Berkeley Distribution July 31, 1991 3